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A data model                The data model is used to represent real facts of the application. An application may contain many facts however one has to focus only on important facts ignoring the others. For example in case of student details application, student name, roll no, address have to be described however student may also contain other facts like fathers name etc. which may not be relevant.  Some of the salient features that model must may have are listed. Data model mainly describes the data, which gets stored and processed in a given situation. A data model may describe data and various levels and description may be at logical / physical levels or from the point of user. A data model proposes a set of concepts for description of the nature of data and inter-relationships between them along with the syntax. A model should have as minimum concepts, which are close to real world so that user can understand the model and verify. The mod...

Data: Data is raw fact or figures or entity. When activities in the organization takes place, the effect of these activities need to be recorded which is known as Data.           For example, the raw material to be purchased may have many facts like type of raw material, vendor name, address, quantity etc. Likewise Organization will have many transactions and entities which are to be recorded. Information: Processed data is called information. A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of program that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words, the systematic organization of data is called database. The DBMS is hence general purpose software system that facilities the process of defining constructing and manipulating database for various applications.        Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures and constraints for the data to be stored in the database.       Construc...

First of all e-commerce is surrounded by different issues such as commercial, Network infrastructure, Social and Cultural and Security issues are presented below which are important for successful business. E-commerce security issues are frequently aired in the press and are certainly important. Customers are concerned that the item ordered won’t materialize, or be as described. As (much worse) they worry about their social security number and credit card details being misappropriated. However rare, these things do happen, and customers need to be assured that all e-commerce security issues have been covered. Your guarantees and returns policies must be stated on the website and they must be adhered to. Let us first state the security attacks on e-commerce process and Security goals we want to achieve for successful e-commerce. Attacks on Security Security attacks can be classified in the following categories depending on the nature of the attacker. a)       Pas...

As e-commerce evolves, it will present huge risks for those who don’t take advantage of it. The main risk of e-commerce is that the business won’t capitalize on all it has to offer, while the competition moves ahead. The traditional supply chain consists of the manufacturer, the distributor; the traditional supply chain consists of the manufacturer, the distributor, the retailer, and the end consumer. E-commerce is changing this linear view of the supply chain. Instead of goods flowing from one participant to the next, this new online marketplace can connect each participant to the end-consumer. For some links in the supply chain, increased access to customers could be dangerous as partners could even become competitors. In the physical world today, there are requirements for documents to be in writing and for hand-written signatures. Such requirements need to be translated into the electronic realm with the rapid development of electronic commerce and to resolve questions raised regar...

Use of e-commerce technologies helps speed up the flow of information and to eliminate unnecessary human intervention; the computer can now accomplish what computers do better than people process routine business transactions quickly and accurately, 24 hours a day. This in turn, frees up people to handle tasks that computers may never be able to do exercising judgment, creativity, and experience to manage exceptions, solve problems and continually improve business processes.         E-commerce is growing in importance and means unprecedented opportunities for everyone. When a business takes advantage of the power of e-commerce, it will be able to.         i.             Increase customer satisfaction Internet is always open, even on holidays; business is thus always open, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year. Customers will appreciate the extra access...

Now, most of the companies are using e-commerce technology and going to be used. Even small companies have their own web sites, giving details about their profile, Products and services and are moving up in the e-commerce value chain. Companies that were earlier providing access to information on their respective web sites are now engaging themselves in e-commerce practices. Some of the e-commerce practices which are being done by most of the companies for the development of e-commerce technology for them are as follows. a) Better Information technology infrastructure         E-business models are moving from the proprietary ‘Electronic Data Interchange’ (EDI) ‘Specific’ solutions to internet based ‘mass’ solutions. It has more to do with better computer penetration, increase in number of internet users and high-speed connectivity rather than anything else. b) Wider acceptance of online payment system         Online payment mechanism mea...

  A graph is a kind of data structure, which is a collection of nodes, called vertices and line segments called arcs or edges that connect pairs of nodes.          In the concept of mathematics, a graph G is defined as follows: G=(V,E), where V is a finite, non-empty set of vertices (singular vertex) and E is a set of edges (links between pairs of vertices).  When the edges in a graph have no direction, the graph is called undirected, otherwise called directed. Cycle: A cycle is a path consisting of at least three vertices that starts and ends with same vertex. Two vertices are said to be connected if there is a path between them. A directed graph is strongly connected if there is a path from each vertex to every other vertex in the graph. A directed graph is weakly connected if at least two vertices are not connected. Adjacency list: An adjacency list is the representation of all edges or arcs in a graph as a list. Adjacency matrix: The adjacency ...